The dissension, turmoil and hostilities which arose between the supposed companions of the Prophet Muhammad after his death have been much documented within the very books of both the Sunni and Shi'ah sectarian groups. Likewise, the problems that occurred between the Tabi'een (successors) and those who followed after them are also reported in the books of secondary hadith and history.
Although these accounts entail information that varies in authenticity when scrutinised using the sectarian science of hadith verification process, there is no doubting that the numerous incidents, which have been endorsed by scholars who are considered amongst the most acclaimed in their field, paint a very different impression of those from the first three generations (referred to as the Salaf) who are traditionally considered as being the most righteous and best of people.
What follows can be considered as an introduction and a brief insight into understanding that the traditionalist Sunni belief/doctrine entailing that every supposed companion of the prophet was of a noble and trustworthy character deserving of praise, respect, trust and following is actually one that does not even stand to reason according to their very own texts, such as the hadith narrated by Abu Zur'a bin Amr bin Jarir :
حَدَّثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ بَشَّارٍ، حَدَّثَنَا غُنْدَرٌ، حَدَّثَنَا شُعْبَةُ، عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ مُدْرِكٍ، قَالَ سَمِعْتُ أَبَا زُرْعَةَ بْنَ عَمْرِو بْنِ جَرِيرٍ، عَنْ جَرِيرٍ، قَالَ قَالَ النَّبِيُّ صلى الله عليه وسلم فِي حَجَّةِ الْوَدَاعِ " اسْتَنْصِتِ النَّاسَ، لاَ تَرْجِعُوا بَعْدِي كُفَّارًا يَضْرِبُ بَعْضُكُمْ رِقَابَ بَعْضٍ ". رَوَاهُ أَبُو بَكْرَةَ وَابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صلى الله عليه وسلم
The Prophet said during Hajjat al-Wada': "Let the people be quiet and listen to me. After me, do not become disbelievers, by striking the necks of one another."
Reference : {Sahih al-Bukhaari Book: 88, Hadith: 6953 }
The companions of the prophet did not take heed of his warning but instead, soon after his death, they engaged in the battlefield fighting against each other, and doing exactly what the prophet had warned them against doing, "Striking the necks of one another."
What follows are but snippets that bring to light the hypocritical, deceptive, dishonest, disruptive, rebellious, oppressive, and violent characteristics of some prominent companions and their offsprings.
Firstly, Muslim bin al-Hajjaj reported the following hadith of Malik bin Aus which brings to attention the ill feelings that some prominent companions felt towards one another:
وَحَدَّثَنِي عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ أَسْمَاءَ الضُّبَعِيُّ، حَدَّثَنَا جُوَيْرِيَةُ، عَنْ مَالِكٍ، عَنِ الزُّهْرِيِّ، أَنَّ مَالِكَ بْنَ أَوْسٍ، حَدَّثَهُ قَالَ أَرْسَلَ إِلَىَّ عُمَرُ بْنُ الْخَطَّابِ فَجِئْتُهُ حِينَ تَعَالَى النَّهَارُ - قَالَ - فَوَجَدْتُهُ فِي بَيْتِهِ جَالِسًا عَلَى سَرِيرٍ مُفْضِيًا إِلَى رِمَالِهِ مُتَّكِئًا عَلَى وِسَادَةٍ مِنْ أَدَمٍ . فَقَالَ لِي يَا مَالُ إِنَّهُ قَدْ دَفَّ أَهْلُ أَبْيَاتٍ مِنْ قَوْمِكَ وَقَدْ أَمَرْتُ فِيهِمْ بِرَضْخٍ فَخُذْهُ فَاقْسِمْهُ بَيْنَهُمْ - قَالَ - قُلْتُ لَوْ أَمَرْتَ بِهَذَا غَيْرِي قَالَ خُذْهُ يَا مَالُ . قَالَ فَجَاءَ يَرْفَا فَقَالَ هَلْ لَكَ يَا أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ فِي عُثْمَانَ وَعَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ عَوْفٍ وَالزُّبَيْرِ وَسَعْدٍ فَقَالَ عُمَرُ نَعَمْ . فَأَذِنَ لَهُمْ فَدَخَلُوا ثُمَّ جَاءَ . فَقَالَ هَلْ لَكَ فِي عَبَّاسٍ وَعَلِيٍّ قَالَ نَعَمْ . فَأَذِنَ لَهُمَا فَقَالَ عَبَّاسٌ يَا أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ اقْضِ بَيْنِي وَبَيْنَ هَذَا الْكَاذِبِ الآثِمِ الْغَادِرِ الْخَائِنِ
"Umar bin al-Khattab sent for me and I came to him when the day had advanced. I found him in his house sitting on his bare bedstead, reclining on a leather pillow. He said (to me): 'Malik, some people of your tribe have hastened to me (with a request for help). I have ordered a little money for them. Take it and distribute it among them.' I said: 'I wish you had ordered somebody else to do this job.' He said: 'Malik, take it (and do what you have been told).' At this moment (his man servant) Yarfa' came in and said: 'Commander of the Faithful, what do you say about Uthman, Abd al-Rahman bin 'Auf, Zubair and Sa'd (who have come to seek an audience with you)?' He said: 'Yes', and permitted them. so they entered. Then he (Yarfa') came again and said: 'What do you say about 'Ali and Abbas (who are present at the door)?' He said: 'Yes', and permitted them to enter. Abbas said: 'Commander of the Faithful, decide (the dispute) between me and this sinful, treacherous, dishonest liar ('Ali).'"
The hadith then continues, until 'Umar said:
فَلَمَّا تُوُفِّيَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم قَالَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ أَنَا وَلِيُّ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم فَجِئْتُمَا تَطْلُبُ مِيرَاثَكَ مِنَ ابْنِ أَخِيكَ وَيَطْلُبُ هَذَا مِيرَاثَ امْرَأَتِهِ مِنْ أَبِيهَا فَقَالَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم " مَا نُورَثُ مَا تَرَكْنَا صَدَقَةٌ " . فَرَأَيْتُمَاهُ كَاذِبًا آثِمًا غَادِرًا خَائِنًا وَاللَّهُ يَعْلَمُ إِنَّهُ لَصَادِقٌ بَارٌّ رَاشِدٌ تَابِعٌ لِلْحَقِّ ثُمَّ تُوُفِّيَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ وَأَنَا وَلِيُّ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم وَوَلِيُّ أَبِي بَكْرٍ فَرَأَيْتُمَانِي كَاذِبًا آثِمًا غَادِرًا خَائِنًا
"When the Messenger of Allah passed away, Abu Bakr said: 'I am the successor of the Messenger of Allah.' Both of you came to demand your shares from the property (left behind by the Messenger of Allah). (Referring to Hadrat 'Abbas), he said: You demanded your share from the property of your nephew, and he (referring to 'Ali) demanded a share on behalf of his wife from the property of her father. Abu Bakr (Allah be pleased with him) said: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) had said: "We do not have any heirs; what we leave behind is (to be given in) charity." So both of you thought him to be a liar, sinful, treacherous and dishonest. And Allah knows that he was true, virtuous, well guided and a follower of truth. When Abu Bakr passed away and (I have become) the successor of the Messenger of Allah and Abu Bakr, you thought me to be a liar, sinful, treacherous and dishonest."
Arabic Reference : {Sahih Muslim, Book 33, Hadith: 4676}
And in another supposedly authentic (Sahih) narration 'Urwah bin al-Zubayr reported about an incident where the companions (Sahaba) threatened to implement barbaric physical punishments on one another due to a difference of opinions:
وَحَدَّثَنِي حَرْمَلَةُ بْنُ يَحْيَى، أَخْبَرَنَا ابْنُ وَهْبٍ، أَخْبَرَنِي يُونُسُ، قَالَ ابْنُ شِهَابٍ أَخْبَرَنِي عُرْوَةُ بْنُ الزُّبَيْرِ، أَنَّ عَبْدَ اللَّهِ بْنَ الزُّبَيْرِ، قَامَ بِمَكَّةَ فَقَالَ إِنَّ نَاسًا - أَعْمَى اللَّهُ قُلُوبَهُمْ كَمَا أَعْمَى أَبْصَارَهُمْ - يُفْتُونَ بِالْمُتْعَةِ - يُعَرِّضُ بِرَجُلٍ - فَنَادَاهُ فَقَالَ إِنَّكَ لَجِلْفٌ جَافٍ فَلَعَمْرِي لَقَدْ كَانَتِ الْمُتْعَةُ تُفْعَلُ عَلَى عَهْدِ إِمَامِ الْمُتَّقِينَ - يُرِيدُ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم - فَقَالَ لَهُ ابْنُ الزُّبَيْرِ فجَرِّبْ بِنَفْسِكَ فَوَاللَّهِ لَئِنْ فَعَلْتَهَا لأَرْجُمَنَّكَ بِأَحْجَارِكَ
Abdullah bin al-Zubayr stood up in Makkah saying: "Allah has made blind the hearts of some people as He has deprived them of eyesight that they give religious verdict in favour of temporary marriage", while he was alluding to a person (Ibn Abbas). Ibn Abbas called him and said: "You are an uncouth person, devoid of sense. By my life, Mut'ah was practised during the lifetime of the leader of the pious (Allah's Messenger)", and Ibn Zubayr said to him: "Just do it yourselves, and by Allah, if you do that I will stone you with your stones."
Reference: {Sahih Muslim Book: 17, Hadith: 3495}
(☣️) KHALID BIN AL-WALEED BIN AL-MUGHIRAH
Khalid was a contemporary of the prophet Muhammad who is highly revered by the Sunni sectarians but severely criticised by the Shi'ah. Historical reports detailing the crimes which he committed and of his violations against the Book of Allah are narrated in the most authentic of Sunni texts.
For example, it was narrated by Abdullah bin Umar bin al-Khattab that:
حَدَّثَنِي مَحْمُودٌ، حَدَّثَنَا عَبْدُ الرَّزَّاقِ، أَخْبَرَنَا مَعْمَرٌ، وَحَدَّثَنِي نُعَيْمٌ، أَخْبَرَنَا عَبْدُ اللَّهِ، أَخْبَرَنَا مَعْمَرٌ، عَنِ الزُّهْرِيِّ، عَنْ سَالِمٍ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، قَالَ بَعَثَ النَّبِيُّ صلى الله عليه وسلم خَالِدَ بْنَ الْوَلِيدِ إِلَى بَنِي جَذِيمَةَ، فَدَعَاهُمْ إِلَى الإِسْلاَمِ فَلَمْ يُحْسِنُوا أَنْ يَقُولُوا أَسْلَمْنَا. فَجَعَلُوا يَقُولُونَ صَبَأْنَا، صَبَأْنَا. فَجَعَلَ خَالِدٌ يَقْتُلُ مِنْهُمْ وَيَأْسِرُ، وَدَفَعَ إِلَى كُلِّ رَجُلٍ مِنَّا أَسِيرَهُ، حَتَّى إِذَا كَانَ يَوْمٌ أَمَرَ خَالِدٌ أَنْ يَقْتُلَ كُلُّ رَجُلٍ مِنَّا أَسِيرَهُ فَقُلْتُ وَاللَّهِ لاَ أَقْتُلُ أَسِيرِي، وَلاَ يَقْتُلُ رَجُلٌ مِنْ أَصْحَابِي أَسِيرَهُ، حَتَّى قَدِمْنَا عَلَى النَّبِيِّ صلى الله عليه وسلم فَذَكَرْنَاهُ، فَرَفَعَ النَّبِيُّ صلى الله عليه وسلم يَدَهُ فَقَالَ " اللَّهُمَّ إِنِّي أَبْرَأُ إِلَيْكَ مِمَّا صَنَعَ خَالِدٌ ". مَرَّتَيْنِ
The Prophet sent Khalid bin al-Waleed to the tribe of Jazheemah and Khalid invited them to Islam but they could not express themselves by saying, "Aslamna (we have embraced Islam)," but they started saying "Saba'na! Saba'na (we have come out of one religion to another)." Khalid kept on killing them and taking them as captives and gave every one of us his captive. When there came the day then Khalid ordered that each man (Muslim soldier) should kill his captive, I said, "By Allah, I will not kill my captive, and none of my companions will kill his captive." When we reached the Prophet, we mentioned to him the whole story. On that, the Prophet raised both his hands and said twice, "O Allah, I am free from what Khalid has done."
Reference: {Sahih al-Bukhaari, Book 64, Hadith: 4339}
So Khalid bin al-Waleed who was sent to call the people of a tribe to Islaam ended up killing them because he believed that they had refused to convert. This was an act of oppression, transgression and unjustified murder which the Prophet himself condemned and distanced himself from.
The incident with the tribe of Jazheemah likewise caused some of the other prominent companions of the Prophet Muhammad to condemn Khalid bin al-Waleed's actions to the extent of cursing him and accusing him of dishonesty as was narrated by Salamah bin al-Akwa:
أخبرنا أبو بكر محمد بن عبد الباقي أنا الحسن بن علي أنا محمد بن العباس أنا عبد الوهاب بن أبي حية أنا محمد بن شجاع نا محمد بن عمر حدثني عبد الله بن يزيد عن إياس بن سلمة عن أبيه قال لما قدم خالد بن الوليد على النبي ( صلى الله عليه و سلم ) يعني بعدما صنع ببني جذيمة ما صنع عاب عبد الرحمن بن عوف على خالد ما صنع قال يا خالد أخذت بأمر الجاهلية قتلتهم بعمك الفاكه قاتلك الله قال وأعانه عمر بن الخطاب على خالد فقال خالد أخذتهم بقتل أبيك فقال عبد الرحمن بن عوف كذبت والله لقد قتلت قاتل أبي بيدي وأشهدت على قتله عثمان بن عفان ثم التفت إلي عثمان فقال أنشدك الله هل علمت أني قتلت قاتل أبي فقال عثمان اللهم نعم ثم قال عبد الرحمن ويحك يا خالد ولو لم أقتل قاتل أبي كنت تقتل قوما مسلمين بأبي في الجاهلية قال خالد ومن أخبرك أنهم أسلموا فقال أهل السرية كلهم يخبروننا أنك وجدتهم قد بنوا المساجد واقروا بالإسلام ثم حملتهم على السيف قال جاءني رسول رسول الله ( صلى الله عليه و سلم ) أن أغير عليهم فأغرت بأمر النبي ( صلى الله عليه و سلم ) فقال عبد الرحمن كذبت على رسول الله ( صلى الله عليه و سلم ) وغالظ عبد الرحمن وأعرض رسول الله ( صلى الله عليه و سلم ) عن خالد وغضب عليه وبلغه ما صنع بعبد الرحمن
When Khalid bin al-Waleed came to the Prophet, meaning after what he had done to the tribe of Jazheemah, Abd ul-Rahman bin Auf discredited Khalid on what he had done and said: ‘Oh Khalid, you took upon the matter with al-Jahiliyah and killed them to avenge your uncle al-Fakeh, may Allah kill you.’ Then Umar bin al-Khatab supported him against Khalid. Khalid said: ‘I punished them for the killing of your father.’ Abd ul-Rahman ibn Auf said: ‘By Allah, you have lied, I killed the killer of my father with my own hands and Uthman bin Affan is witness to that’. Then he (Abd ul-Rahman) looked at Uthman and said to him: ‘I appeal to you by Allah, do you witness that I killed my father’s killer?’ Uthman said: ‘Yes.’ Then Abd ul-Rahman said: ‘ Woe unto you oh Khalid, even if I didn’t kill the killer of my father, would you kill Muslims to take avenge for my father?’ Khalid said: ‘Who told you that they were Muslims?’ (Abd ul-Rahman said): ‘All the soldiers testify that you saw them building mosques and testifying that they were Muslims, and then you struck them with the sword.’ (Khalid) said: ‘I had received a message from the messenger of Allah to invade them, therefore I attacked them on the orders of the Prophet’. Abd ul-Rahman said: ‘You have attributed a lie upon the messenger of Allah.’ Then Khalid became rude with Abd ul-Rahman and the messenger of Allah turned away from Khalid and became angry against him because of what he did to Abd ul-Rahman.
Reference: {Tareekh Ibn Asakir, vol.16 pg.234}
And Rabah ibn Rabi' narrated that:
حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو الْوَلِيدِ الطَّيَالِسِيُّ، حَدَّثَنَا عُمَرُ بْنُ الْمُرَقِّعِ بْنِ صَيْفِيِّ بْنِ رَبَاحٍ، حَدَّثَنِي أَبِي، عَنْ جَدِّهِ، رَبَاحِ بْنِ رَبِيعٍ قَالَ كُنَّا مَعَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم فِي غَزْوَةٍ فَرَأَى النَّاسَ مُجْتَمِعِينَ عَلَى شَىْءٍ فَبَعَثَ رَجُلاً فَقَالَ " انْظُرْ عَلاَمَ اجْتَمَعَ هَؤُلاَءِ " فَجَاءَ فَقَالَ عَلَى امْرَأَةٍ قَتِيلٍ . فَقَالَ " مَا كَانَتْ هَذِهِ لِتُقَاتِلَ " . قَالَ وَعَلَى الْمُقَدِّمَةِ خَالِدُ بْنُ الْوَلِيدِ فَبَعَثَ رَجُلاً فَقَالَ " قُلْ لِخَالِدٍ لاَ يَقْتُلَنَّ امْرَأَةً وَلاَ عَسِيفًا "
"When we were with the Messenger of Allah on an expedition, he saw some people collected together over something and sent a man and said: See, what are these people collected around? He then came and said: They are round a woman who has been killed. He (the Messenger of Allah) said: This is not one with whom fighting should have taken place. Khalid bin al-Waleed was in charge of the van; so he (the Messenger of Allah) sent a man and said: Tell Khalid not to kill a woman or a labourer/servant."
Reference : {Sunan Abi Dawud, Book 15, Hadith: 2669}
A similar narration appears in the Sunan of ibn Maajah, Book 24, Hadith 2949 albeit with a slight variation in the wording : https://sunnah.com/urn/1276910 and also another report surrounding this incident was mentioned by ibn Katheer in his book 'al-Seerah al-Nabayiwah', 3/638 : http://islamport.com/d/1/ser/1/7/113.html
And Ahmad ibn Hanbal reported the following version of the above mentioned incident in his Musnad:
حدثنا عبد الله حدثني أبي ثنا أبو عامر عبد الملك بن عمرو قال ثنا المغيرة بن عبد الرحمن عن أبي الزناد قال حدثني المرقع بن صيفي عن جده رباح بن الربيع أخي حنظلة الكاتب أنه أخبره أنه : خرج مع رسول الله صلى الله عليه و سلم في غزوة غزاها وعلى مقدمته خالد بن الوليد فمر رباح وأصحاب رسول الله صلى الله عليه و سلم على امرأة مقتولة مما أصابت المقدمة فوقفوا ينظرون إليها ويتعجبون من خلقها حتى لحقهم رسول الله صلى الله عليه و سلم على راحلته فانفرجوا عنها فوقف عليها رسول الله صلى الله عليه و سلم فقال ما كانت هذه لتقاتل فقال لأحدهم الحق خالدا فقل له لا تقتلون ذرية ولا عسيفا
تعليق شعيب الأرنؤوط : صحيح لغيره وهذا إسناد حسن
Rabah ibn Rabi' said: Hanzhalah al-Katib marched with the messenger of Allah to a battle and Khalid bin al-Waleed was at the front, then Rabah and the companions (Sahaba) of the messenger of Allah passed by a woman who had been killed by the front troops. So they stood looking towards her and were wondering/marvelling of her creation, until the messenger of Allah arrived, so they moved aside from her then the messenger of Allah stood next to her and said: ‘This is not one with whom fighting should have taken place’. Then He said to one of them: ‘Go to Khalid and tell him not to kill children or a labourer/servant.’
Reference: {Musnad Ahmad, 3/488, Hadith: 16035}
http://islamport.com/d/1/mtn/1/89/3476.html
This hadith has been declared as being authentic by the Sunni scholar of hadith Shu'ayb al-Arnaut. Furthermore, Hakim reported the hadith in his 'al-Mustadrak', Hadith: 2565 and declared it ‘Saheeh' according to the conditions of al-Bukhaari and Muslim bin al-Hajjaj .
THE MURDER OF UTHMAN BIN AFFAN
(☣️) TALHA BIN UBAIDULLAH
Narrated Muhammad bin Mansoor Narrated Jaffar bin Sulaiman al-Dab’iee from Auf who said:
حدثنا محمد بن منصور قال حدثنا جعفر بن سليمان الضبعي، عن عَوف قال: كان أشد الصحابة على عثمان طلحة بن عبيد الله
"The most harshest companion against Uthman was Talha bin Ubaidullah."
Reference: {Ibn Shabbah al-Numairi - Tareekh Madinah, 4/1169}
And Muhammad bin Umar al-Waqidi from Ibraheem bin Saalim from His father from Busr bin Sa'eed from Abdullah bin Ayyash bin Abi Rab'iah that:
"I entered Uthman’s presence and talked with him for an hour. He said: “Come Ibn Ayyash” and he took me by the hand and had me listen to what the people at his door were saying. We heard some say, “what are you waiting for,” while others were saying, “wait, perhaps he will repent.” While the two of us were standing there, Talha Ibn Ubaidullah passed by; he stopped and said: “Where is Ibn Udays?” He was told, “He is over there.” Ibn Udays came over to (Talha) and whispered something to him, and then he went back to his comrades and said: “Do not let anyone go in to see this man (Uthman) or leave his house.” Uthman said to me: “These are Talha ibn Ubaidullah's orders.” He continued, “O God, protect me from Talha ibn Ubaidullah for he has incited all these people against me. By God, I hope that nothing will come of it, and that his blood will be shed. Talha has abused me unlawfully.”
Reference: {Tareekh al-Tabari, English version, vol.15, pages 199 -200}
And narrated Yala bin Ubaid from Ismaeel bin Abi Khalid from Hakim bin Jabir that he said:
حدثنا يعلى بن عبيد، عن إسماعيل بن أبي خالد، عن حكيم بن جابر، قال: لما حصر عثمان أتى علي طلحة وهو مستند إلى وسائد في بيته، فقال: أنشدك الله، لما رددت الناس عن أمير المؤمنين فإنه مقتول. فقال طلحة: لا والله حتى تعطي بنو أمية الحق من أنفسها
"When Uthman was besieged, Ali came to Talha while he was lying on a cushion in his house and said to him: ‘I ask you by Allah to retrieve/repel the people from (attacking) the commander of the believers for indeed he is almost slain.” Talha replied: 'No, by God, not until the Umayad submit to what is right of their own accord.'
Reference: {Ibn Abi Shaybah - Al-Musanaf, 8/685 and similar is reported in Tareekh Ibn Asakir, 39/403}
And Al-Uqaylee stated that:
كان طلحة أول من بايع عليا أرهقه قتلة عثمان وأحضروه حتى بايع
"Talhah was the first person who pledged allegiance to Ali. The killers of Uthman forced him and brought him until he pledged."
Reference: {Siyaar A’lam al-Nubala, 1/35}
And narrated Yaqoob bin Sufyan with an authentic chain from Qais bin Abi Hazim that:
وأخرج يعقوب بن سفيان بسند صحيح عن قيس بن أبي حازم أن مروان بن الحكم رأى طلحة في الخيل ، فقال : هذا أعان على عثمان فرماه بسهم في ركبته ، فما زال الدم يسيح حتى مات
Marwan bin al-Hakam saw Talha in the army, he (Marwan) said: ‘He assisted against Uthman’ then he shot him with an arrow in his knee, he was bleeding until he died.
Reference: {Ibn Hajr al-Asqalaani - Al-Isaba fi Tamyiz al-Sahaba, 3/432}
And Nafi' narrated that:
أخبرني موسى بن إسماعيل قال: حدثني جويرية بن أسماء عن نافع قال: قالوا فلما قتل عثمان وسار طلحة والزبير وعائشة إلى البصرة يطلبون بدم عثمان خرج معهم مروان بن الحكم فقاتل يومئذ أيضا قتالا شديدا فلما رأى انكشاف الناس نظر إلى طلحة بن عبيد الله واقفا فقال: والله إن دم عثمان إلا عند هذا، هو كان أشد الناس عليه وما أطلب أثرا بعد عين. ففوق له بسهم فرماه به فقتله
“When Uthman was killed, and Talha, Zubair and A’isha went to Basra to avenge the blood of Uthman, Marwan bin al-Hakam also accompanied them, so he also fought that day an intense fighting. Then when he saw the people were exposed, Marwan looked towards Talha bin Ubaidullah and said: ‘By Allah, the blood of Uthman was not shed except by him, and indeed he was the harshest of people against Uthman and I do not demand another testimony after my own eyes’. He took an arrow and shot it at him (Talha), which then killed him.”
Reference: {Ibn Sa’d - Tabaqat al-Kubra, 5/38, Biography of Marwan bin al-Hakam}
And Jawairiyah bin Asma narrated from Yahya bin Saeed who narrated from his uncle that :
جويرية بن أسماء عن يحيى بن سعيد عن عمه أن مروان رمى طلحة بسهم فقتله ، ثم التفت إلى أبان فقال قد كفيناك بعض قتلة أبيك
Marwan shot Talha with an arrow and then killed him, then he turned to Abaan (son of Uthman) and said: "I have sufficed you with some of the killers of your father."
Reference: {Al-Dhahabi - Siyaar A'lam al-Nubala, 1/36 and also similar has been narrated by al-Hakim in his Mustadrak, 3/371}
(☣️) ABD UL-RAHMAN BIN UDAYS
Ibn Sa'd said about Abd ul-Rahman bin Udays al-Balawi:
عبد الرحمن بن عديس البلوي صحب النبي - صلى الله عليه وسلم - وسمع منه. وكان فيمن رحل إلى عثمان حين حصر حتى قتل. وكان رأسًا فيهم
"A companion of the Prophet - and he heard from him. And he was from among those who marched to besiege Uthman until he (Uthman) got killed. He (Abd ul-Rahman) was a commander/head from among them."
Reference: {Ibn Sa’d - Tabaqat al-Kubra, 7/509}
And ibn Sa'd further mentioned that:
كان المصريون الذين حصروا عثمان ستمائة رأسهم عبد الرحمن بن عديس البلوي وكنانة بن بشر بن عتاب الكندي وعمرو بن الحمق الخزاعي
"The Egyptians who besieged Uthman were six hundred commanded/headed by Abd ul-Rahman bin Udays al-Balawi and Kananah bin Bishr Ibn Etaab al-Kindi and Amr bin al-Hamiq al-Khuzaa’i."
Reference: {Ibn Sa’d - Tabaqat al-Kubra, 3/71}
And Ibn Al-Barqee and Al-Baghawee and others said about Abd ul-Rahman bin Udays al-Balawi that:
وقال بن البرقي والبغوي وغيرهما كان ممن بايع تحت الشجرة
“He was from those who gave baya' (allegiance) under the tree."
And ibn Yunus said about him that:
وقال بن يونس بايع تحت الشجرة وشهد فتح مصر واختط بها وكان من الفرسان ثم كان رئيس الخيل التي سارت من مصر إلى عثمان في الفتنة
“He was of those who gave baya' (allegiance) under the tree, witnessed the victory of Egypt and participated in it and was among the knights. Then he became the commander/head of the army from Egypt that attacked Uthman in the fitnah.”
Reference: {Ibn Hajr al-Asqalaani - Al-Isaba fi Tamyiz al-Sahaba, 4/281, Biography no: 5167}
(☣️) AL-ZUBAYR BIN AL-'AWWAM
Ahmad bin Zuhayr ---> His father Abu Khaythama ---> Wahb bin Jarir bin Hazim ---> His father ---> Yunus bin Yazid al-Ayli ---> al-Zuhri:
“When the forces confronted each other, Ali went out on his horse and called out to al-Zubayr and the two of them confronted each other. Ali asked al-Zubayr, "What has brought you [to this]?" "You," he replied. "I don't find you suitable for this leadership or more entitled to it than we." "After Uthman," replied Ali, "it is certainly not you who are suitable for it. We considered you one of Banu Abd al-Muttalib until your son, the son of evil, reached maturity and created a division between us and you." Ali then said how bad the evil he had done was and mentioned how the Prophet had passed by the both the two of them and had said to Ali: "What did the son of your father's sister say? He will fight you, being the aggressor." Al-Zubayr then left him (Ali) saying, "I will not fight you." He returned to his son Abdallah and said, "I have no firm conviction about this war." "When you set out you did have," replied his son, "but you saw the banners of ibn Abi Talib and you realized that that meant death, so you lost heart." These words angered him so that he shook with rage and said angrily: "Woe betide you! I have sworn him an oath not to fight him (Ali)." "Expiate your oath by freeing your ghulam Sarjis," his son replied. So he freed him and he joined the ranks alongside them. Ali had said to al-Zubayr: “Are you asking me for compensation for the blood of ‘Uthman, when it was you who killed him? I ask Allah in His power right now to give a hateful punishment to he among us who was the severest in opposing ‘Uthman.” Ali said to Talhah: "You have brought the Messenger of Allah’s wife to make her fight while you hide your wife at home. Didn't you give me allegiance?" "I did," he replied but with the sword at my neck."
Reference: {Tareekh al-Tabari, English Edition, Vol.16, pages 125-126}
And Zubayr likewise said that his allegiance to Ali was not of his free will:
قال الزبير إنما بايعت عليا واللج على عنقي
"I pledged allegiance to Ali and the sword was upon my neck."
Reference: {Al-Bidayah wa al-Nihayah, 7/227}
And Israeel bin Moosa said: I heard al-Hassan al-Basri saying:
حدثنا أبو بكر بن إسحاق الفقيه و علي بن حمشاد قالا : ثنا بشر بن موسى ثنا الحميدي ثنا سفيان ثنا أبو موسى يعني إسرائيل بن موسى قال : سمعت الحسن يقول : جاء طلحة و الزبير فقال لهم الناس ما جاءكم قالوا نطلب دم عثمان قال الحسن أيا سبحان الله أفما كان للقوم عقول فيقولون و الله ما قتل عثمان غيركم
"Talha and Zubayr came (to Basra), the people asked them: ‘Why have you come here?’ They replied: ‘To avenge the blood of Uthman.’ Al-Hassan said: "Oh God, didn’t they have intellect to say that no one killed Uthman other than you (Talha and Zubayr)."
Reference: {Mustadrak al-Hakim, 3/128 Hadith: 4606}
(☣️) AMR BIN AL-AAS
Ibn Abd ul-Barr mentioned the following report regarding the hostilities between the companions Amr bin al-Aas and Uthman:
حدثنا خلف بن قاسم، حدثنا الحسن بن رشيق حدثنا الدولابي، حدثنا أبو بكر الوجيهي عن أبيه عن صالح بن الوجيه، قال: وفي سنة خمس وعشرين انتقضت الإسكندرية، فافتتحها عمرو بن العاص فقتل المقاتلة وسبى الذرية، فأمر عثمان برد السبي الذين سبوا من القرى إلى مواضعهم للعهد الذي كان لهم، ولم يصح عنده نقضهم، وعزل عمرو بن العاص، وولى عبد الله بن سعد ابن أبي سرح العامري، وكان ذلك بدء الشر بين عمرو وعثمان
Narrated Salih bin al-Wajeeh: "In the year twenty five, there was a revolt in Alexandria (city in Egypt). Then, Amr bin al-Aas conquered it killing the fighters and enslaving the offspring. Then Uthman ordered to return the captives who were enslaved from the villages to their places of protection/covenant which they had because it was not correct to breach/break it with them. Then Uthman dismissed Amr bin al-Aas (from the governorship of Egypt), and made Abdullah bin Abi Sarh the governor. And that was the beginning of evil/hostilities between Uthman and Amr bin al-Aas."
Reference: {Al-Isti'ab fi Ma'rifat al-Ashab, 1/368}
And ibn Athir reported that:
وخرج عمرو بن العاص إلى منزله بفلسطين وكان يقول : والله إني كنت لألقى الراعي فأحرضه على عثمان ، وأتى عليا وطلحة والزبير فحرضهم على عثمان
Amr bin al-Aas went to his house in Palestine and he was saying: "By Allah, I used to meet the shepherd and incite/provoke him against Uthman, and when Ali, Talha and al-Zubayr came then I incited them against Uthman."
Reference: {Al-Kamil fi al-Tareekh, 3/163}:
(☣️) AMR BIN AL-HAMIQ AL-KHUZA'I
Ibn Hajr al-Asqalaani said:
عمرو بن الحمق بفتح المهملة وكسر الميم بعدها قاف بن كاهل ويقال الكاهن بالنون بن حبيب الخزاعي صحابي سكن الكوفة ثم مصر قتل في خلافة معاوية
“Amr bin al-Hamiq, Ibn Kahil and they also call him Ibn Kahin, Ibn Habeeb al-Khuza'i. A companion (Sahabi) who lived in Kufah then in Egypt. He was killed during the caliphate of Muawiyah.”
Reference: {Taqreeb al-Tahdeeb, pg.420, Narrator ID:5017}
And Abu Jaffar al-Qarei said:
أخبرنا محمد بن عمر قال: أخبرنا عبد الرحمن بن أبي الزناد عن أبي جعفر القارىء مولى بن عباس المخزومي قال: كان المصريون الذين حصروا عثمان ستمائة، رأسهم عبد الرحمن بن عديس البلوي وكنانة بن بشر بن عتاب الكندي وعمرو بن الحمق الخزاعي، والذين قدموا من الكوفة مائتين رأسهم مالك الأشتر النخعي، والذين قدموا من البصرة مائة رجل رأسهم حكيم بن جبلة العبدي، وكانوا يدا واحدة في الشر
"The Egyptians who besieged Uthman were six hundred, their commander/head was Abd ul-Rahman bin Udays al-Balawi, and Kanana bin Bashar bin Etab, and Amr bin al-Hamiq al-Khuza'i. And those who came from Kufah were two hundred, their commander/head was Malik al-Ashtar al-Nakha’i. And those who came from Basrah were a hundred men commanded/headed by Hakeem bin Jableh al-Abdi. And they were one hand in evil.”
Reference: {Tabaqat Ibn Sa'd, 3/71}
And ibn Katheer stated about him:
وفيها كانت وفاة عمرو بن الحمق بن الكاهن الخزاعي ، أسلم قبل الفتح وهاجر ، وقيل : إنه إنما أسلم عام حجة الوداع . وقد ورد في حديث أن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم دعا له أن يمتعه الله بشبابه ; فبقي ثمانين سنة لا يرى في لحيته شعرة بيضاء ، ومع هذا كان أحد الأربعة الذين دخلوا على عثمان ، ثم صار بعد ذلك من شيعة علي ، فشهد معه الجمل وصفين
"And in it was the death of Amr bin al-Hamiq bin al-Kahin Khuza'i: He accepted Islaam before the conquest of Makkah and migrated, and some say that he accepted Islaam in the year of Hajjat ul-Wida (Farewell Hajj). And in a hadith, it is narrated that the Prophet prayed for him that ‘May Allah grant you the prime of life’. Then he lived up to eighty years and did not see a single white hair in his beard. However, he was one of four of those who had entered upon Uthman. And then he became a Shi'ah of Ali, and he witnessed with him the battles of al-Jamal and al-Siffin."
Reference: {Al-Bidayah Wa al-Nihayah, 8/48}
And al-Tabari mentioned the following in his book of History:
When Amr bin al-Hamiq (a Sahabi) was taken, they asked him, "Who are you?" He replied, "One who, if you leave him alone, would be peaceful to you, and if you fight him would harm you." Thus they asked him but he refused to tell them. Ibn Abi Balta'ah then sent him to the governor of Mosul, who was Abd al-Rahman ibn Abdallah ibn Uthman al-Thaqafi. When the latter saw Amr bin al-Hamiq, he recognized him, and wrote to Mu’awiyah ibn Abi Sufyan (Sahabi) with this information. Mu’awiyah wrote back, "Amr claimed that he stabbed Uthman bin Affan (Sahabi) nine times with a dagger that he had with him, so stab him nine times just as he stabbed Uthman." At that, Amr was taken out and stabbed nine times, and he died from the first or second blow.
{Tareekh al-Tabari, English Edition, 18/137}
(☣️) MUHAMMAD BIN ABI HUZHAYFA BIN 'UTBAH
Ibn Abdul Barr stated about him that:
ولد بأرض الحبشة على عهد رسول الله
"He was born in Abyssinia (al-Habashah) during the time of the Messenger of Allah."
Reference: {Al-Isti'ab fi Ma'rifat al-Ashab, 3/1369}
And he also mentioned that:
وكان محمد بن أبي حذيفة أشد الناس تأليبا على عثمان وكذلك كان عمرو بن العاص مذ عزله عن مصر يعمل حيله في التأليب والطعن على عثمان
"Muhammad bin Abi Huzhayfa was one of the harshest of people inciting/provoking against Uthman and likewise was Amr bin al-Aas, since he was dismssed from Egypt (by Uthman), he worked his tricks in inciting/provoking and calumniation/slander against Uthman."
Reference: {Al-Isti'ab fi Ma'rifat al-Ashab, 3/1396 and similar was mentioned by ibn Hajr in Al-Isaba fi Tamyiz al-Sahaba, 6/11-13, Biography no: 7772}
And ibn Hibban reported that it was said he was a companion (Sahabi) of the Prophet Muhammad:
محمد بن أبي حذيفة بن عتبة بن ربيعة يقال إن له صحبة كان عامل عثمان بن عفان علي مصر
Reference: {Thiqat Ibn Hibban, Companion Id:1208, vol:3}
And ibn Hajr al-Asqalaani also mentioned him as a companion of the Prophet:
محمد بن أبي حذيفة بن عتبة بن ربيعة بن عبد شمس بن عبد مناف العبشمي أبو القاسم ولد بأرض الحبشة وكان أبوه من السابقين الأولين
Reference: {Al-Isaba fi Tamyiz al-Sahaba, 6/11, Biography no: 7772}
And Abu Na'eem said:
قَالَ أَبُو نعيم: هُوَ أحد من دخل عَلَى عثمان حين حوصر فقتل
"He is one of those who entered upon Uthman when he was besieged and killed."
Reference: {Ibn al-Athir - Usd al-Ghaaba fi ma'rifat al-Sahaba, 1/992}
(☣️) JAHJAH BIN SA'EED AL-GHAFFARI
Ibn Abi Hatim al-Razi stated that he was a companion (Sahabi) of the Prophet Muhammad:
جهجاه بن سعيد الغفاري المديني له صحبة
Reference: {al-Jarh wa al-Ta'deel, 2258}
And al-Dhahabi also stated that he was a Sahabi of the Prophet who he witnessed the baya' (allegiance) of Ridhwan under the tree:
له صحبة ، شهد بيعة الرضوان
Reference: {Tareekh Islam, 3/560 and likewise was reported by ibn Hajr in Al-Isaba, 1/621 and also by ibn Abd ul-Barr in al-Isti'ab, 1/268}
And Nafi' stated that:
حدثنا إبن إدريس عن عبيد الله بن عمر عن نافع أن رجلا يقال له جهجاه تناول عصى كانت في يد عثمان فكسرها بركبته
"A man called Jahjah took the staff that was in Uthman’s hand and then broke it with his knee."
Reference: {Ibn Abi Shaybah - Al-Musanaf, 7/488 and likewise was reported by Ibn al-Athir in Usd al-Ghaaba fi ma'rifat al-Sahaba}
And ibn Katheer reported that al-Waqidi stated that Usama bin Zaid narrated from Yahyah bin Abd al-Rahman bin Haatib from his father: "I was watching Uthman as he preached leaning on the Prophet’s staff, the staff on which (the Prophet), Abu Bakr, and Umar used to lean while they preached, suddenly Jahjhah stated to Uthman: ‘O Nathal, get down off this pulpit! Seizing the staff, Jahjah broke it over his right knee. A wood splinter pierced (the knee), and the wound remained open for so long that it became infected with gangrene, and I saw it swarming with maggots. Uthman descended from the pulpit and was taken away. He ordered the staff to be repaired, and it was bound together with a strip of iron. From that day until he was besieged and killed, Uthman went out only one or two times."
And Ibn Jareer stated that Ahmed bin Ibrahim narrated from Abdullah bin Urais who narrated from Ubaidullah bin Umar from Nafi' that Jahjah al-Ghaffari grabbed the staff Uthman was carrying and broke it by putting it on his knee and he got cancer at that place.
Reference: {Al-Bidayah Wal Nihayah (Arabic), 7/197}
(☣️) JABALAH BIN AMR AL-SAIDI
Ibn Abi Hatim al-Razi stated that he was a companion (Sahabi) of the Prophet Muhammad:
جبلة بن عمرو الأنصاري مديني له صحبة سكن مصر أخو أبي مسعود
Reference: {al-Jarh wa al-Ta'deel, 2087}
And ibn Abd ul-Barr stated that he was a jurist from amongst the companions (Sahaba) of the Prophet:
جبلة بن عمرو الأنصاري الساعدي
ويقال هو أخو أبي مسعود الأنصاري. وفي ذلك نظر. يعد في أهل المدينة، روى عنه سليمان بن يسار، وثابت بن عبيد
قال سليمان بن يسار: كان جبلة بن عمرو فاضلا من فقهاء الصحابة، وشهد جبلة بن عمرو صفين مع علي رضي الله عنه، وسكن مصر
Reference: {Al-Isti'ab fi Ma'rifat al-Ashab, 1/566 and likewise was reported by Ibn al-Athir in Usd al-Ghaaba fi ma'rifat al-Sahaba}
And Uthman bin al-Sharid said that:
قال محمد بن عمر وحدثني محمد بن صالح بن عبيد الله بن رافع بن نقاحة عن عثمان بن الشريد قال مر عثمان على جبلة بن عمرو الساعدي وهو بفناء داره ومعه جامعة فقال يا نعثل والله لأقتلنك ولأحملنك على قلوص جرباء ولأخرجنك إلى حرة النار ثم جاءه مرة أخرى وعثمان على المنبر فأنزله عنه
"Uthman passed Jabalah bin ‘Amr al-Saidi and he was sat by the courtyard of his home with a gathering. Jabalah said, 'O N'athal, by God, I shall kill you and I shall carry you off upon a mangy camel and throw you out to a burning fire.' Then another time, when Uthman was standing upon the pulpit, so he (Jabalah) forced him to get down from it."
And al-Tabari also mentioned that:
"It was related to me by Muhammad (al-Waqidi) - Abi Bakr bin Ismail - his father - Amir bin Sa’d: The first man who dared to insult Uthman was Jabalah bin Amr al-Saidi. Once while he was sitting among his kinsmen holding a rope in his hand, ‘Uthman passed by him or greeted them as he was passing by, and they greeted him in return. Then Jabalah said, “Why do you answer a man who did such and such a thing?” Jabalah then approached Uthman and said, “By God, I will throw this rope around your neck unless you abandon your personal entourage.” “What entourage,” asked Uthman? “By God, I do not choose favorites among the people.” Jabalah answered, “Marwan, and Muawiyah, and ‘Abdallah bin Amir bin Kurayz, and Abdullah bin Sa’d - all of these you have favored. Among them are men who are condemned in the Qur’an, men whose blood the Messenger of God has declared lawful.” Uthman departed and the people have continued to talk spitefully about him to this day."
Reference: {Tareekh al-Tabari, 3/399 and English Edition, 15/182}
Sunni scholar Ibn Taymiyyah stated that:
قد كانت الفتنة لما وقعت بقتل عثمان وافتراق الأمة بعده صار قوم ممن يحب عثمان ويغلو فيه ينحرف عن علي مثل كثير من أهل الشام ممن كان إذ ذاك يسب عليا ويبغضه، وقوم ممن يحب عليا ويغلو فيه ينحرف عن عثمان مثل كثير من أهل العراق ممن كان يبغض عثمان ويسبه
"When the Fitnah ensued after what happened with the killing of ‘Uthman, many a people who loved ‘Uthman and exaggerated regarding him detracted from ‘Ali, like the people of Sham who would revile and despise ‘Ali. Similarly those who loved ‘Ali and exaggerated regarding him detracted from ‘Uthman, like the people of Iraq who would hate ‘Uthman and revile him."
Reference: {Majmu’ Fatawa, 3/408}
The following hadith found within the books of famous Sunni scholars attempts to make it known as to whom from his contemporaries the prophet Muhammad's allegiance was with:
أخبرنا أحمد بن جعفر القطيعي ثنا عبد الله بن أحمد بن حنبل حدثني أبي ثنا تليد بن سليمان ثنا أبو الجحاف عن أبي حازم عن أبي هريرة رضي الله عنه قال : نظر النبي صلى الله عليه و سلم إلى علي و فاطمة و الحسن و الحسين فقال : أنا حرب لمن حاربكم و سلم لمن سالمكم
Narrated Abu Hurrairah that the Prophet looked towards at Ali, Fatimah, al-Hassan and al-Hussain then said: "I am in the state of war with those who are at war with you, and in the state of peace with those who are peaceful to you."
Al-Hakim endorsed this narration and said in his commentary that it is "Hassan" (Good):
هذا حديث حسن من حديث أبي عبد الله أحمد بن حنبل عن تليد بن سليمان فإني لم أجد له رواية غيرها. و له شاهد عن زيد بن أرقم
Reference: {al-Mustadrak al-Hakim, 4/250, Hadith: 4713}
http://islamport.com/d/1/mtn/1/22/480.html
The above narration was also reported through the route Subayh (صُبَيْحٍ) from the companion Zayd bin Arqam (زَيْدِ بْنِ أَرْقَمَ) by:
a) al-Tirmidhi in his Jami', Book 49, Hadith 4244 who commented about the narration that:
هَذَا حَدِيثٌ غَرِيبٌ إِنَّمَا نَعْرِفُهُ مِنْ هَذَا الْوَجْهِ . وَصُبَيْحٌ مَوْلَى أُمِّ سَلَمَةَ لَيْسَ بِمَعْرُوفٍ
b) ibn Maajah in his Sunan, Book 1, Hadith 150
c) ibn Abi Shaybah in his Musanaf, 6/378, Hadith 32181
d) al-Tabarani in his Al-Mu'jam al-Kabir, 5/184
The contemporary Sunni scholar of hadith al-Albaani said that this specific hadith (from all its various routes) is "Hassan" (Good) - refer to his Saheeh al-Jami' al-Sagheer, 1/306.
However, despite this supposed authentic statement of the Prophet in praise of his own family members and his stern declaration of dispraise upon those who cause them trouble, there exists many examples in the books of the Sunni sectarians where both the companions (Sahaba) and those after them were hostile with Ali, Fatimah, Hassan and Hussain.
ABUSE AND REBELLION AGAINST ALI BIN ABI TALIB
Abd ul-Rahman Ibn Abzhi said that eight hundred companions (Sahaba) who pledged allegiance at al-Ridwan fought alongside Ali ibn Abu Talib at the battle of Siffeen and that from them sixty three were killed, including Ammar bin Yaasir:
قَالَ عَبْد الرَّحْمَنِ بْن أبزى: شهدنا مع علي رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ صفين فِي ثمانمائة- من بايع بيعة الرضوان، قتل منهم ثلاثة وستون، منهم عَمَّار بْن يَاسِر
Reference: {Al-Isti'ab fi Ma'rifat al-Ashab by ibn Abd ul-Barr, 3/229}
(☣️) MU'AWIYAH BIN ABU SUFYAN
Ibn Katheer narrated that:
وقال أبو زرعة الدمشقي : ثنا أحمد بن خالد الذهبي أبو سعيد ، ثنا محمد بن إسحاق ، عن عبد الله بن أبي نجيح ، عن أبيه قال : لما حج معاوية أخذ بيد سعد بن أبي وقاص فقال : يا أبا إسحاق ، إنا قوم قد أجفانا هذا الغزو عن الحج حتى كدنا أن ننسى بعض سننه ، فطف نطف بطوافك . قال : فلما فرغ أدخله دار الندوة ، فأجلسه معه على سريره ، ثم ذكر علي بن أبي طالب فوقع فيه ، فقال : أدخلتني دارك ، وأجلستني على سريرك ، ثم وقعت في علي تشتمه ؟
When Mu’awiyah went for Hajj, he held Sa’d bin Abi Waqas by the hand and said to him: ‘Oh Abi Ishaq, we are a people who abandoned Hajj because of the battles until we almost forgot some of its ways (Sunnah), so we performed circumambulation to imitate your circumambulation. Then when they finished, he (Mua'wiyah) brought him (Sa'd) into Dar al-Nadwah (assembly/conference house) then sat with him upon his couch, then he (Mua'wiyah) mentioned Ali bin Abi Talib and then cursed/insulted him. He (Sa’d) said: ‘You brought me into your house and made me sit upon your couch and then you have begun cursing/insulting Ali?’
Reference: {Al-Bidayah wa al-Nihayah, 7/376}
And similarly it was narrated that Sa'd bin Waqqas said:
حَدَّثَنَا عَلِيُّ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ، حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو مُعَاوِيَةَ، حَدَّثَنَا مُوسَى بْنُ مُسْلِمٍ، عَنِ ابْنِ سَابِطٍ، - وَهُوَ عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ - عَنْ سَعْدِ بْنِ أَبِي وَقَّاصٍ، قَالَ قَدِمَ مُعَاوِيَةُ فِي بَعْضِ حَجَّاتِهِ فَدَخَلَ عَلَيْهِ سَعْدٌ فَذَكَرُوا عَلِيًّا فَنَالَ مِنْهُ فَغَضِبَ سَعْدٌ وَقَالَ تَقُولُ هَذَا لِرَجُلٍ سَمِعْتُ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ـ صلى الله عليه وسلم ـ يَقُولُ " مَنْ كُنْتُ مَوْلاَهُ فَعَلِيٌّ مَوْلاَهُ " . وَسَمِعْتُهُ يَقُولُ " أَنْتَ مِنِّي بِمَنْزِلَةِ هَارُونَ مِنْ مُوسَى إِلاَّ أَنَّهُ لاَ نَبِيَّ بَعْدِي " . وَسَمِعْتُهُ يَقُولُ " لأُعْطِيَنَّ الرَّايَةَ الْيَوْمَ رَجُلاً يُحِبُّ اللَّهَ وَرَسُولَهُ "
"Mu'awiyah came on one of his pilgrimages and Sa'd entered upon him. They mentioned 'Ali, and Mu'awiyah slandered him. Sa'd became angry and said: 'Are you saying this of a man of whom I heard the Messenger of Allah say: "If I am a person's close friend, 'Ali is also his close friend." And I heard him say: "You are to me like Haroon was to Musa, except that there will no Prophet after me." And I heard him say: "I will give the banner today to a man who loves Allah and His Messenger."
Reference: {Sunan ibn Majaah, Book 1, Hadith 126 and also in Musanaf Ibn Abi Shaybah, 7/496}
And al-Tabari reported in his book of History that Hisham bin Muhammad - Abu Mikhnaf - al-Mujahid bin Sa'id, al-Saq'ab bin Zuhayr, Fudayl bin Khadij and al-Husayn bin 'Uqbah al-Maradi have all told me some of this narrative:
"When Mua'wiyah Ibn Abi Sufyan put al-Mughairah Ibn Shu’ba in charge of Kufah in Jumada 41 (September 2- October 30, 661), he summoned him. After praising and glorifying God, he said: “Now then, indeed a forbearing person has been admonished in the past. The wise might do what you want without instruction. Although I have wanted to advise you about many things, I left them alone, trusting in your discernment of what pleases me, what helps my regime and what sets my subjects (raiyyah) on the right path. I would continue to advise you about a quality of yours- do not refrain from abusing Ali and criticizing him, not from asking God’s mercy upon Uthman and His forgiveness for him. Continue to shame the companions of Ali, keep at a distance, and don’t listen to them. Praise the faction of Uthman, bring them near, and listen to them."
Reference: {Tareekh al-Tabari, English version, events of year 51 AH, Vol.18, Pages 122-123}
And Abul Fida in his book of history stated that:
وكان معاوية وعماله يدعون لعثمان في الخطبة يوم الجمعة ويسبون علياً ويقعون فيه
"Mu’awiyah and his governors would pray for Uthman in the sermons on the day of gathering and would abuse Ali and slander him."
Reference: {Tareekh Abul Fida, Volume 1 page 120}
And al-Suyuti stated in his book of history that:
خرج معاوية على علي كما تقدم و تسمى بالخلافة ثم خرج على الحسن
“Mu’awyiah rebelled against Ali as he designated himself with the Caliphate, then he rebelled against al-Hassan.”
Reference: {Tareekh ul-Khulafa, 1/173}
And ibn Katheer said in his book of history that:
فلما امتنع معاوية من البيعة لعلي حتى يسلمه القتلة، كان من صفين ما قدمنا ذكره
“So when Mu’awyiah refused from giving allegiance to Ali until the killers (of Uthman) were submitted to him (Mu'awiyah), Siffeen (the battle) happened because of it.”
Reference: {Al-Bidayah wa al-Nihayah, 8/23}
(☣️) MUGHIRAH BIN SHU'BAH
Abdullah bin Dhalim said:
أَخْبَرَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ الْمُثَنَّى ، وَمُحَمَّدُ بْنُ بَشَّارٍ قَالَا : حَدَّثَنَا ابْنُ أَبِي عَدِيٍّ ، عَنْ شُعْبَةَ ، عَنْ حَصِينٍ ، عَنْ هِلَالِ بْنِ يَسَافٍ ، عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ ظَالِمٍ قَالَ : خَطَبَ الْمُغِيرَةُ بْنُ شُعْبَةَ فَسَبَّ عَلِيًّا فَقَالَ سَعِيدُ بْنُ زَيْدٍ : أَشْهَدُ عَلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ لَسَمِعْتُهُ يَقُولُ : اثْبُتْ حِرَاءُ ، فَإِنَّهُ لَيْسَ عَلَيْكَ إِلَّا نَبِيٌّ ، أَوْ صِدِّيقٌ ، أَوْ شَهِيدٌ وَعَلَيْهِ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ ، وَأَبُو بَكْرٍ ، وَعُمَرُ ، وَعُثْمَانُ ، وَعَلِيٌّ ، وَطَلْحَةُ ، وَالزُّبَيْرُ وَسَعْدُ ، وَعَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ عَوْفٍ ، وَسَعِيدُ بْنُ زَيْدٍ
"Al-Mughirah bin Shu’bah was giving a sermon and then abusing Ali, then Sa'eed bin Zaid said: ‘I testify that the messenger of Allah said: 'Be still, Hira, for only a Prophet, or a truthful, or a martyr is upon you.' And upon it were the Messenger of Allah, Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali, Talhah, al-Zubayr, Sa'd, Abd ul-Rahman ibn Awf, and Sa'eed ibn Zaid.
Reference: {Sunan al-Kubra al-Nasai'ee, Kitab al-Manaqib, Hadith 6975, Merits of Abd ul-Rahman bin Auf}
http://www.hadithportal.com/index.php?show=bab&bab_id=2667&chapter_id=68&book=48&page=12
In the commentary it is mentioned that:
هِلَالُ بْنُ يَسَافٍ لَمْ يَسْمَعْهُ مِنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ ظَالِمٍ
And the uncle of Ziad bin Alaqah narrated that:
حدثنا أبو بكر محمد بن داود بن سليمان ثنا عبد الله بن محمد بن ناجية ثنا رجاء بن محمد العذري ثنا عمرو بن محمد بن أبي رزين ثنا شعبة عن مسعر عن زياد بن علاقة عن عمه : أن المغيرة بن شعبة سب علي بن أبي طالب فقام إليه زيد بن أرقم فقال : يا مغيرة ألم تعلم أن رسول الله صلى الله عليه و سلم نهى عن سب الأموات فلم تسب عليا و قد مات
هذا حديث صحيح على شرط مسلم
"Al-Mughirah bin Shu’bah abused Ali bin Abi Talib, so Zaid bin Arqam stood up and said: ‘O Mughirah, did you not know that the Prophet forbade abusing the dead, then why are you abusing Ali when he is dead?"
Al-Hakim said: "This is an authentic narration upon the conditions of Muslim."
Reference: {Mustadrak al-Hakim, 1/541, Hadith: 1419}
The above hadith was also graded authentic by the contemporary Sunni scholar of hadith Al-albaani in ‘Silsilat al-ahadith al-Sahiha’, 5/520, Hadith: 2397
(☣️) BUSR BIN ARTAH
Ibn Hajr al-Asqalaani said he was from the younger companions:
بسر بن أرطاة ويقال بن أبي أرطاة واسمه عمر [ عمير ] بن عويمر بن عمران القرشي العامري نزيل الشام من صغار الصحابة
Reference: {Taqrib al-Tahdheeb, pg.121}
And ibn Hajr also mentioned that:
فقال أهل الشام سمع من النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم وهو صغير
"So the people of al-Shaam said he heard from the prophet when he was young."
And Al-Daraqutni also said he was from the companions of the prophet Muhammad:
وقال الدارقطني له صحبة
And ibn Yoonus said that he was from the companions of the Messenger Muhammad and that he was from the followers (Shi'ah) of Mu'awiyah bin Abi Sufyan:
وقال بن يونس كان من أصحاب رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم شهد فتح مصر واختط بها وكان من شيعة معاوية
Reference: {Ibn Hajr - al-Isabah fi Tamyiz al-Sahaba, 1/289}
And ibn Athir mentioned in his book of history that:
أن الحسن لما صالح معاوية أول سنة إحدى وأربعين وثب حمران بن أبان على البصرة فأخذها وغلب عليها، فبعث إليه معاوية بسر ابن أبي أرطأة وأمره بقتل بني زياد بن أبيه، وكان زياد على فارس قد أرسله إليها علي بن أبي طالب، فلما قدم بسر البصرة خطب على منبرها وشتم عليا ثم قال: نشدت الله رجلا يعلم أني صادق إلا صدقني أو كاذب إلا كذبني. فقال أبو بكرة: اللهم إنا لا نعلمك إلا كاذبا. قال: فأمر به فخنق
"When Hassan made peace with Mu’awiyah in the year 41 AH, Hamraan bin Af'aan attacked Basra and occupied it, Mu’awiyah then sent him to Busr bin Artah and ordered him to kill the progeny of Ziyad bin Abih, and Ziyad was in Persia because Ali bin Abi Talib had sent him there, when Busr spoke on the pulpit of al-Basrah, he reviled ‘Ali. Then he said 'I implore God, that anyone who knows that I am truthful should say so, or likewise if I am a liar.' When Abu Bakrah said, 'By God we know you only as a liar.' Then he (Busr) commanded him to be strangled."
Reference: {Tareekh Kamil, 2/111}
And al-Tabari also mentioned this incident in his book of history:
“When Busr spoke on the pulpit of al-Basrah, he reviled ‘Ali. Then he said ‘I implore God, that anyone who knows that I am truthful should say so, or likewise if I am a liar.” When Abu Bakrah said, “By God we know you only as a liar,” (Busr) ordered him to be strangled.”
Reference: {Tareekh al-Tabari, English version, 8/15}
(☣️) ABD UL-RAHMAN BIN KHALID BIN AL-WALEED
Ibn Hajr al-Asqalaani mentioned him amongst the companions (Sahaba) of prophet Muhammad:
قال بن منده له رؤية قال بن السكن يقال له صحبة ولم يذكر سماعا ولا حضورا
Reference: {al-Isabah fi Tamyiz al-Sahaba, 5/34}
And likewise ibn Hibban mentioned him as being from the companions (Sahaba):
عبد الرحمن بن خالد بن الوليد بن المغيرة بن عبد الله بن عمر بن مخزوم بن يقظة بن مرة بن كعب بن لؤي بن غالب له صحبة
Reference: {Thiqat Ibn Hibban, vol.3, Companion ID: 819}
And Ibn Abd ul-Barr stated that he went astray from Ali bin Abi Talib and Bani Hashim while his brother Muhaajir bin Khalid loved Ali. Abd ul-Rahman bin Khalid fought alongside Mu'awiyah against Ali in Siffeen whilst his brother Muhaajir fought alongside with Ali. Then when Mu'awiyah wanted to take allegiance from people for his son Yazeed, he gave a sermon to the people of al-Shaam but they gathered and said: ‘We are pleased with Abd ul-Rahman bin Khalid’. Mu'awiyah didn’t like it but kept it within himself. Then Abd ul-Rahman became ill and Mu'awiyah sent a doctor to give him a drink that would kill him, so the doctor administered it and killed him (Abd ul-Rahman bin Khalid) by giving him the poisonous drink that burned his insides:
كان منحرفا عن علي وبني هاشم مخالفة لأخيه المهاجر بن خالد وكان أخوه المهاجر محبا لعلي وشهد معه الجمل وصفين وشهد عبد الرحمن صفين مع معاوية ثم إنه لما أراد معاوية البيعة ليزيد خطب أهل الشام وقال لهم يا أهل الشام إنه قد كبرت سني وقرب أجلي وقد أردت أن أعقد لرجل يكون نظاما لكم وإنما أنا رجل منكم فأروا رأيكم فأصفقوا واجتمعوا وقالوا رضينا عبد الرحمن بن خالد فشق ذلك على معاوية وأسرها في نفسه. ثم إن عبد الرحمن مرض فأمر معاوية طبيبا عنده يهوديا وكان عنده مكينا أن يأتيه فيسقيه سقية يقتله بها فأتاه فسقاه فانحرق بطنه فمات
Reference: {al-Isti'ab fi ma'rifat al-Ashab, 1/250}
And Ibn Katheer also mentioned in his book of history that Mu'awiyah was responsible for killing Abd ul-Rahman bin Khalid:
عبد الرحمن بن خالد بن الوليد القرشي المخزومي ، وكان من الشجعان المعروفين والأبطال المشهورين كأبيه ، وكان قد عظم ببلاد الشام كذلك حتى خاف منه معاوية ، ومات وهو مسموم ، رحمه الله وأكرم مثواه . وقال ابن منده وأبو نعيم الأصبهاني : أدرك النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم
"Abd ul-Rahman bin Khalid bin al-Waleed Al-Qurashi Al-Makhzoumee, was from the brave well known and famous men like his father, and he had greatness in al-Shaam (the Levant) as well until Mua'wiyah feared him, and he died while being poisoned."
Reference: {al-Bidayah wa al-Nihayah, 11/173}
(☣️) MARWAN BIN AL-HAKAM
Ibn Katheer stated in his book of history:
ومروان كان أكبر الاسباب في حصار عثمان
"And Marwan was the greatest of cause in the siege of Uthman."
And then continued to state that:
ولما كان متوليا على المدينة لمعاوية كان يسب عليا كل جمعة على المنبر
“And when he (Marwan) was in charge (as a governor) over Madinah for Mu'awiyah, he would abuse Ali every Friday upon the pulpit."
Reference: {Al-Bidayah wa al-Nihayah, 8/284}
And Umayr bin Ishaaq said:
قال حدثنا إسماعيل قال حدثنا بن عون عن عمير بن إسحاق قال كان مروان أميراً علينا ست سنين فكان يسب عليا كل جمعة ثم عزل ثم استعمل سعيد بن العاص سنتين فكان لا يسبه ثم أعيد مروان فكان يسبه
"Marwan was the leader over us for six years, so he used to abuse Ali every Friday. Then he was dismissed and then Sa'eed ibn al-Aas was hired for two years and he did not abuse him (Ali). Then Marwan was rehired and he again abused him (Ali)."
Reference: Ahmad bin Hanbal - Kitab al-'Ilal wa Ma'rifat al-Rijal, 3/176, No.4781}
And Sahl bin Sa'd reported that:
حَدَّثَنَا قُتَيْبَةُ بْنُ سَعِيدٍ، حَدَّثَنَا عَبْدُ الْعَزِيزِ، - يَعْنِي ابْنَ أَبِي حَازِمٍ - عَنْ أَبِي، حَازِمٍ عَنْ سَهْلِ بْنِ سَعْدٍ، قَالَ اسْتُعْمِلَ عَلَى الْمَدِينَةِ رَجُلٌ مِنْ آلِ مَرْوَانَ - قَالَ - فَدَعَا سَهْلَ بْنَ سَعْدٍ فَأَمَرَهُ أَنْ يَشْتِمَ عَلِيًّا - قَالَ - فَأَبَى سَهْلٌ فَقَالَ لَهُ أَمَّا إِذْ أَبَيْتَ فَقُلْ لَعَنَ اللَّهُ أَبَا التُّرَابِ . فَقَالَ سَهْلٌ مَا كَانَ لِعَلِيٍّ اسْمٌ أَحَبَّ إِلَيْهِ مِنْ أَبِي التُّرَابِ وَإِنْ كَانَ لَيَفْرَحُ إِذَا دُعِيَ بِهَا
"A person from the offspring of Marwan was appointed as the governor of Madinah. He called Sahl bin Sa'd and ordered him to abuse Ali. Sahl refused to do that. He (the governor) said to him: 'If you do not agree to it (at least) say: May Allah curse Abu Turab'. Sahl said: There was no name dearer to Ali than Abu Turab and he felt delighted when he was called by this name."
Reference: {Sahih Muslim, Book 44, Hadith: 2409}
And in the words of the Sahabi Abu Barza al-Aslami, who explained that the fighting that occurred after the death of the Prophet Muhammad was for nothing but worldly gains (wealth and power):
حَدَّثَنَا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ يُونُسَ، حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو شِهَابٍ، عَنْ عَوْفٍ، عَنْ أَبِي الْمِنْهَالِ، قَالَ لَمَّا كَانَ ابْنُ زِيَادٍ وَمَرْوَانُ بِالشَّأْمِ، وَوَثَبَ ابْنُ الزُّبَيْرِ بِمَكَّةَ، وَوَثَبَ الْقُرَّاءُ بِالْبَصْرَةِ، فَانْطَلَقْتُ مَعَ أَبِي إِلَى أَبِي بَرْزَةَ الأَسْلَمِيِّ حَتَّى دَخَلْنَا عَلَيْهِ فِي دَارِهِ وَهْوَ جَالِسٌ فِي ظِلِّ عُلِّيَّةٍ لَهُ مِنْ قَصَبٍ، فَجَلَسْنَا إِلَيْهِ فَأَنْشَأَ أَبِي يَسْتَطْعِمُهُ الْحَدِيثَ فَقَالَ يَا أَبَا بَرْزَةَ أَلاَ تَرَى مَا وَقَعَ فِيهِ النَّاسُ فَأَوَّلُ شَىْءٍ سَمِعْتُهُ تَكَلَّمَ بِهِ إِنِّي احْتَسَبْتُ عِنْدَ اللَّهِ أَنِّي أَصْبَحْتُ سَاخِطًا عَلَى أَحْيَاءِ قُرَيْشٍ، إِنَّكُمْ يَا مَعْشَرَ الْعَرَبِ كُنْتُمْ عَلَى الْحَالِ الَّذِي عَلِمْتُمْ مِنَ الذِّلَّةِ وَالْقِلَّةِ وَالضَّلاَلَةِ، وَإِنَّ اللَّهَ أَنْقَذَكُمْ بِالإِسْلاَمِ وَبِمُحَمَّدٍ صلى الله عليه وسلم حَتَّى بَلَغَ بِكُمْ مَا تَرَوْنَ، وَهَذِهِ الدُّنْيَا الَّتِي أَفْسَدَتْ بَيْنَكُمْ، إِنَّ ذَاكَ الَّذِي بِالشَّأْمِ وَاللَّهِ إِنْ يُقَاتِلُ إِلاَّ عَلَى الدُّنْيَا, وإنَّ هَؤُلاءِ الَّذِينَ بَيْنَ أظْهُرِكُمْ وَالله إنْ يُقاتِلُونَ إلاّ على الدُّنيْا, وإنَّ ذَاكَ الّذِي بِمَكَّةَ وَالله إنْ يُقاتِلُ إلاّ على الدُّنيْا
Narrated Abu al-Minhal:
When Ibn Ziyad and Marwan were in Sham and Ibn al-Zubayr took over the authority in Makkah and the Qurra' revolted in Basra, I went out with my father to Abu Barza al-Aslami until we entered upon him in his house while he was sitting in the shade of a room built of cane. So we sat with him and my father started talking to him saying, "O Abu Barza, don't you see in what dilemma the people has fallen?" The first thing I heard him saying, "I seek reward from Allah for myself because of being angry and scornful at the Quraish tribe. O you Arabs, you know very well that you were in misery and were few in number and misguided, and that Allah has brought you out of all that with Islam and with Muhammad until He brought you to this state (of prosperity and happiness) which you see now; and it is this worldly wealth and pleasures which has caused mischief to appear among you. The one who is in Sham (Marwan ibn al-Hakam), by Allah, is not fighting except for the sake of worldly gain: and those who are among you, by Allah, are not fighting except for the sake of worldly gain; and that one who is in Makkah (Ibn al-Zubayr) by Allah, is not fighting except for the sake of worldly gain."
Reference: {Sahih al-Bukhaari, Book 92 - Kitaab ul-Fitnah, Hadith 7112}
THE DISPUTE CONCERNING FADAK
The controversy surrounding the possession and entitlement to 'Fadak' is well documented within the texts of both the Sunni and Shi'ah scholars. What will be presented here are the narrations that have been acknowledged from the Sunni traditionalists who, in most part, argue to defend the actions taken by Abu Bakr in contrast to the Shi'ah who severely criticise him for his treatment towards Ahl ul-Bayt in this dispute.
It was narrated by Aisha that:
حَدَّثَنَا يَحْيَى بْنُ بُكَيْرٍ، حَدَّثَنَا اللَّيْثُ، عَنْ عُقَيْلٍ، عَنِ ابْنِ شِهَابٍ، عَنْ عُرْوَةَ، عَنْ عَائِشَةَ، أَنَّ فَاطِمَةَ ـ عَلَيْهَا السَّلاَمُ ـ بِنْتَ النَّبِيِّ صلى الله عليه وسلم أَرْسَلَتْ إِلَى أَبِي بَكْرٍ تَسْأَلُهُ مِيرَاثَهَا مِنْ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم مِمَّا أَفَاءَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ بِالْمَدِينَةِ وَفَدَكَ، وَمَا بَقِيَ مِنْ خُمُسِ خَيْبَرَ، فَقَالَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ إِنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم قَالَ " لاَ نُورَثُ، مَا تَرَكْنَا صَدَقَةٌ، إِنَّمَا يَأْكُلُ آلُ مُحَمَّدٍ صلى الله عليه وسلم فِي هَذَا الْمَالِ ". وَإِنِّي وَاللَّهِ لاَ أُغَيِّرُ شَيْئًا مِنْ صَدَقَةِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم عَنْ حَالِهَا الَّتِي كَانَ عَلَيْهَا فِي عَهْدِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم وَلأَعْمَلَنَّ فِيهَا بِمَا عَمِلَ بِهِ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم فَأَبَى أَبُو بَكْرٍ أَنْ يَدْفَعَ إِلَى فَاطِمَةَ مِنْهَا شَيْئًا فَوَجَدَتْ فَاطِمَةُ عَلَى أَبِي بَكْرٍ فِي ذَلِكَ فَهَجَرَتْهُ، فَلَمْ تُكَلِّمْهُ حَتَّى تُوُفِّيَتْ، وَعَاشَتْ بَعْدَ النَّبِيِّ صلى الله عليه وسلم سِتَّةَ أَشْهُرٍ، فَلَمَّا تُوُفِّيَتْ، دَفَنَهَا زَوْجُهَا عَلِيٌّ لَيْلاً، وَلَمْ يُؤْذِنْ بِهَا أَبَا بَكْرٍ وَصَلَّى عَلَيْهَا، وَكَانَ لِعَلِيٍّ مِنَ النَّاسِ وَجْهٌ حَيَاةَ فَاطِمَةَ، فَلَمَّا تُوُفِّيَتِ اسْتَنْكَرَ عَلِيٌّ وُجُوهَ النَّاسِ، فَالْتَمَسَ مُصَالَحَةَ أَبِي بَكْرٍ وَمُبَايَعَتَهُ، وَلَمْ يَكُنْ يُبَايِعُ تِلْكَ الأَشْهُرَ، فَأَرْسَلَ إِلَى أَبِي بَكْرٍ أَنِ ائْتِنَا، وَلاَ يَأْتِنَا أَحَدٌ مَعَكَ، كَرَاهِيَةً لِمَحْضَرِ عُمَرَ. فَقَالَ عُمَرُ لاَ وَاللَّهِ لاَ تَدْخُلُ عَلَيْهِمْ وَحْدَكَ. فَقَالَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ وَمَا عَسَيْتَهُمْ أَنْ يَفْعَلُوا بِي، وَاللَّهِ لآتِيَنَّهُمْ
Fatimah the daughter of the Prophet sent someone to Abu Bakr (when he was a caliph), asking for her inheritance of what Allah's Messenger had left of the property bestowed on him by Allah from the Fai (booty gained without fighting) in Madinah, and Fadak, and what remained of the Khumus of the Khaibar booty. On that, Abu Bakr said, "Allah's Messenger said, "Our property is not inherited. Whatever we leave, is Sadaqah, but the family of (the Prophet) Muhammad can eat of this property." By Allah, I will not make any change in the state of the Sadaqah of Allah's Messenger and will leave it as it was during the lifetime of Allah's Messenger, and will dispose of it as Allah's Messenger used to do." So Abu Bakr refused to give anything of that to Fatimah. So she became angry with Abu Bakr and kept away from him, and did not talk to him till she died. She remained alive for six months after the death of the Prophet. When she died, her husband Ali, buried her at night without informing Abu Bakr and he said the funeral prayer by himself. When Fatimah was alive, the people used to respect Ali much, but after her death, Ali noticed a change in the people's attitude towards him. So Ali sought reconciliation with Abu Bakr and gave him an oath of allegiance. Ali had not given the oath of allegiance during those months (the period between the Prophet's death and Fatimah's death). Ali sent someone to Abu Bakr saying, "Come to us, but let nobody come with you," as he disliked that Umar should come, Umar said (to Abu Bakr), "No, by Allah, you shall not enter upon them alone." Abu Bakr said, "What do you think they will do to me? By Allah, I will go to them."
Reference: {Sahih al-Bukhaari, Book 64, Hadith: 4240}
And the renowned Sunni scholar of hadith al-Dhahabi acknowledged the falling out between the daughter of the Prophet Muhammad (Fatimah) and Abu Bakr:
ولما توفي أبوها تعلقت آمالها بميراثه وجاءت تطلب ذلك من أبي بكر الصديق فحدثها أنه سمع النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم يقول “لا نورث ما تركناه صدقة” فوجدت عليه
"And When her father died, she sought for her inheritance thus she came to ask for that from Abu Bakr but he told her that he had heard the Messenger of Allah saying, “We don’t leave inheritance, whatever we leave is charity (Sadaqah)," so she became angry at him."
Reference: {Siyaar A’lam al-Nubala, 2/121}
And it would seem that Abu Bakr's discrimination towards the close relatives of the Prophet Muhammad was not isolated to the dispute regarding Fadak but that it also extended to the distribution of the 'Khumus' (الْخُمُس - One-Fith), as was narrated by Jubayr bin Mut'im:
حَدَّثَنَا عُبَيْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ عُمَرَ بْنِ مَيْسَرَةَ، حَدَّثَنَا عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ مَهْدِيٍّ، عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ الْمُبَارَكِ، عَنْ يُونُسَ بْنِ يَزِيدَ، عَنِ الزُّهْرِيِّ، أَخْبَرَنِي سَعِيدُ بْنُ الْمُسَيَّبِ، أَخْبَرَنِي جُبَيْرُ بْنُ مُطْعِمٍ، أَنَّهُ جَاءَ هُوَ وَعُثْمَانُ بْنُ عَفَّانَ يُكَلِّمَانِ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم فِيمَا قَسَمَ مِنَ الْخُمُسِ بَيْنَ بَنِي هَاشِمٍ وَبَنِي الْمُطَّلِبِ فَقُلْتُ يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ قَسَمْتَ لإِخْوَانِنَا بَنِي الْمُطَّلِبِ وَلَمْ تُعْطِنَا شَيْئًا وَقَرَابَتُنَا وَقَرَابَتُهُمْ مِنْكَ وَاحِدَةٌ . فَقَالَ النَّبِيُّ صلى الله عليه وسلم " إِنَّمَا بَنُو هَاشِمٍ وَبَنُو الْمُطَّلِبِ شَىْءٌ وَاحِدٌ " . قَالَ جُبَيْرٌ وَلَمْ يَقْسِمْ لِبَنِي عَبْدِ شَمْسٍ وَلاَ لِبَنِي نَوْفَلٍ مِنْ ذَلِكَ الْخُمُسِ كَمَا قَسَمَ لِبَنِي هَاشِمٍ وَبَنِي الْمُطَّلِبِ . قَالَ وَكَانَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ يَقْسِمُ الْخُمُسَ نَحْوَ قَسْمِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم غَيْرَ أَنَّهُ لَمْ يَكُنْ يُعْطِي قُرْبَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم مَا كَانَ النَّبِيُّ صلى الله عليه وسلم يُعْطِيهِمْ . قَالَ وَكَانَ عُمَرُ بْنُ الْخَطَّابِ يُعْطِيهِمْ مِنْهُ وَعُثْمَانُ بَعْدَهُ
That he and 'Uthman bin 'Affan went to the Messenger of Allah talking to him about the fifth which he divided among the Banu Hisham and Abu 'Abd al-Muttalib. I said: "Messenger of Allah, you have divided (the fifth) among our brethren Banu 'Abd al-Muttalib, but you have not given us anything, though our relationship to you is the same as theirs." The Prophet said: "The Banu Hisham and the Banu 'Abd al-Muttalib are one." Jubayr said: He did not divide the fifth among the Banu 'Abd Shams and the Banu Nawfal as he divided among the Banu Hashim and the Banu 'Abd al-Muttalib. He said: Abu Bakr used to divide the fifth like the division of Messenger of Allah except that he did not give the relatives of the Messenger of Allah, as he (the Messenger of Allah) gave them. 'Umar bin al-Khattab and 'Uthman after him used to give them (a portion) from it.
Reference : {Sunan Abu Dawud, Book 20, Hadith: 2978}
(☣️) UMAR BIN AL-KHATTAB
What has been reported within the texts of Sunni scholars gives the impression that after the death of the prophet Muhmmad the companion Umar bin al-Khattab gave preference to Abu Bakr during the tensions and disputes which arose between him and the prophet's family. Most notably, it has been reported that Umar instigated an assault upon the house of Fatimah, the daughter of the prophet as was narrated by the successor (Tabi'ee) Aslam:
حدثنا محمد بن بشر نا عبيد الله بن عمر حدثنا زيد بن أسلم عن أبيه أسلم أنه حين بويع لأبي بكر بعد رسول الله صلى الله عليه و سلم كان علي والزبير يدخلان على فاطمة بنت رسول الله صلى الله عليه و سلم فيشاورونها ويرتجعون في أمرهم فلما بلغ ذلك عمر بن الخطاب خرج حتى دخل على فاطمة فقال يا بنت رسول الله صلى الله عليه و سلم والله ما من أحد أحب إلينا من أبيك وما من أحد أحب إلينا بعد أبيك منك وأيم الله ما ذاك بمانعي ان اجتمع هؤلاء النفر عندك إن أمرتهم أن يحرق عليهم البيت قال فلما خرج عمر جاؤوها فقالت تعلمون أن عمر قد جاءني وقد حلف بالله لئن عدتم ليحرقن عليكم البيت وأيم الله ليمضين لما حلف عليه فانصرفوا راشدين فروا رأيكم ولا ترجعوا إلي فانصرفوا عنها فلم يرجعوا إليها حتى بايعوا لأبي بكر
When he pledged allegiance (Baya) to Abu Bakr after the Messenger of Allah, Ali and Zubayr were entering upon (the house of) Fatimah - the daughter of the Messenger of Allah - then consult her and revise their matter. So when Umar came to know about that, he went out until he entered upon (the house of) Fatimah and then said: "Oh daughter of the Messenger of Allah, no one is dearest to us more than your father and no one dearest to us after your father than you, I swear by Allah, if these people gathered in your house then nothing will prevent me from giving an order to burn the house and those who are inside." So when Umar left, they (Ali and Zubayr) came to her, then she (Fatimah) said to them: "Do you know that Umar came here and swore by God to burn the house if you gather here, I swear by God that he (Umar) will execute his oath, so please leave and take a decision and don’t gather here again." So they left her and did not gather there until they gave allegiance to Abu Bakr.
Reference: {Musnaf of Ibn Abi Shaybah, 7/432, Hadith: 37045}
Although the authenticity is debated, there does exist other narrations giving an account of the above incident at the house of Fatimah, such as that which was cited by al-Tabari in his book of History from Ziyad bin Kulayb that:
"Umar Ibn al-Khattab came to the house of Ali. Talha and Zubayr and some of the immigrants were also in the house. Umar cried out: “By God, either you come out to render the oath of allegiance, or I will set the house on fire.” Al-Zubayr came out with his sword drawn. As he stumbled (upon something), the sword fell from his hand so they jumped over him and seized him.”
Reference: {Tareekh al-Tabari, English version, Volume 9 page 187}
And similar to what has already been mentioned regarding Abu Bakr witholding 'al-Khumus' from the relatives of prophets, it has also been reported through a supposedly authentic narration about Umar bin al-Khattab's inability to grant them their full rights in this matter:
حَدَّثَنَا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ صَالِحٍ، حَدَّثَنَا عَنْبَسَةُ، حَدَّثَنَا يُونُسُ، عَنِ ابْنِ شِهَابٍ، أَخْبَرَنِي يَزِيدُ بْنُ هُرْمُزَ، أَنَّ نَجْدَةَ الْحَرُورِيَّ، حِينَ حَجَّ فِي فِتْنَةِ ابْنِ الزُّبَيْرِ أَرْسَلَ إِلَى ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ يَسْأَلُهُ عَنْ سَهْمِ ذِي الْقُرْبَى وَيَقُولُ لِمَنْ تَرَاهُ قَالَ ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ لِقُرْبَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم قَسَمَهُ لَهُمْ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم وَقَدْ كَانَ عُمَرُ عَرَضَ عَلَيْنَا مِنْ ذَلِكَ عَرْضًا رَأَيْنَاهُ دُونَ حَقِّنَا فَرَدَدْنَاهُ عَلَيْهِ وَأَبَيْنَا أَنْ نَقْبَلَهُ
Narrated Abdullah ibn Abbas:
Yazid ibn Hurmuz said that when Najdah al-Haruri performed hajj during the rule of Ibn az-Zubayr, he sent someone to Ibn Abbas to ask him about the portion of the relatives (in the fifth). He asked: For whom do you think? Ibn Abbas replied: For the relatives of the Messenger of Allah. The Messenger of Allah divided it among them. Umar presented it to us but we found it less than our right. We, therefore returned it to him and refused to accept it.
Reference: {Sunan Abu Dawud, Book 20, Hadith: 2982}
THE ATROCIOUS CRIMES DURING THE INCIDENT OF HARRA
(☣️) YAZEED BIN MU'AWIYAH BIN ABU SUFYAN
The opinion amongst the traditionalist sects ascribing themselves to Islaam differs concerning the judgement upon Yazeed bin Mu'awiyah. The Shi'ah sect consider him as an apostate tyrant who was responsible for the unlawful killing of many companions (Sahaba) and their successors (Tabi'een), whereas the Sunni's are divided amongst themselves as to his status. However, a non biased, sincere and rational consideration of the information available within the books of both the Shi'ah and the Sunni scholars provides strong support for the stance held by the Shi'ah.
In his book of history al-Suyuti mentioned about Yazeed bin Mu'awiyah that:
و في سنة ثلاث و ستين بلغه أن أهل المدينة خرجوا عليه و خلعوه فأرسل إليهم جيشا كثيفا و أمرهم بقتالهم ثم المسير إلى مكة لقتال ابن الزبير فجاؤوا و كانت وقعة الحرة على باب طيبة و ما أدراك ما وقعة الحرة ؟ ذكرها الحسن مرة فقال : و الله ما كاد ينجوا منهم أحد قتل فيها خلق من الصحابة رضي الله عنهم و من غيرهم و نهبت المدينة و افتض فيه ألف عذراء
"And in the year 63 AH, he (Yazeed) came to know that the people of Madinah had revolted and separated from him, so he sent a huge army towards them and ordered them with fighting them (the people of Madinah) and then that they march to Makkah and kill Ibn Zubayr. So they came and that was what befell of Harra upon the gate Taybah and how can one know what befell of Harra? It was mentioned that Al-Hassan said: ‘By Allah, there was almost none that survived from them, those killed included the companions (Sahaba) and others, and the city was looted, and a thousand virgins were raped."
Reference: {Tareekh ul-Khulafa, 1/182}
And ibn Katheer mentioned about the incident of Harra that:
وقد أخطأ يزيد خطأ فاحشا في قوله لمسلم بن عقبة أن يبيح المدينة ثلاثة أيام، وهذا خطأ كبير فاحش، مع ما انضم إلى ذلك من قتل خلق من الصحابة وأبنائهم، وقد تقدم أنه قتل الحسين وأصحابه على يدي عبيد الله بن زياد. وقد وقع في هذه الثلاثة أيام من المفاسد العظيمة في المدينة النبوية ما لا يحد ولا يوصف، مما لا يعلمه إلا الله عز وجل
"And Yazeed committed a mistake, an abominable mistake in telling Muslim bin Utbah to continue with the bloodshed in al-Madinah for three days. This was a great and abominable mistake and the killing of the companions (Sahaba) and their sons was further added to it while it has been mentioned before that Hussain and his companions (Sahaba) had been killed upon the hands of Ubaidullah Ibn Ziyad. And what befell in those three days of great corruption in the city of the Prophet cannot be counted and cannot be described; except that only Allah knows about it."
Reference: {al-Bidayah wa al-Nihayah, 8/243}
(☣️) ABDULLAH BIN UMAR BIN AL-KHATTAB
Despite the atrocious crimes of Yazeed and his army, the famous companion (Sahabi) Abdullah bin Umar, however, continued to support him and called for others to maintain their support for Yazeed, as is narrated by Nafi' in the following ahadith:
حَدَّثَنَا سُلَيْمَانُ بْنُ حَرْبٍ، حَدَّثَنَا حَمَّادُ بْنُ زَيْدٍ، عَنْ أَيُّوبَ، عَنْ نَافِعٍ، قَالَ لَمَّا خَلَعَ أَهْلُ الْمَدِينَةِ يَزِيدَ بْنَ مُعَاوِيَةَ جَمَعَ ابْنُ عُمَرَ حَشَمَهُ وَوَلَدَهُ فَقَالَ إِنِّي سَمِعْتُ النَّبِيَّ صلى الله عليه وسلم يَقُولُ " يُنْصَبُ لِكُلِّ غَادِرٍ لِوَاءٌ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ ". وَإِنَّا قَدْ بَايَعْنَا هَذَا الرَّجُلَ عَلَى بَيْعِ اللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِ، وَإِنِّي لاَ أَعْلَمُ غَدْرًا أَعْظَمَ مِنْ أَنْ يُبَايَعَ رَجُلٌ عَلَى بَيْعِ اللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِ، ثُمَّ يُنْصَبُ لَهُ الْقِتَالُ، وَإِنِّي لاَ أَعْلَمُ أَحَدًا مِنْكُمْ خَلَعَهُ، وَلاَ بَايَعَ فِي هَذَا الأَمْرِ، إِلاَّ كَانَتِ الْفَيْصَلَ بَيْنِي وَبَيْنَهُ
When the people of Madinah dethroned Yazeed bin Mu'awiyah, Ibn 'Umar gathered his special friends and children and said, "I heard the Prophet saying, 'A flag will be fixed for every betrayer on the Day of Resurrection,' and we have given the oath of allegiance to this person (Yazeed) in accordance with the conditions enjoined by Allah and His Messenger and I do not know of anything more faithless than fighting a person who has been given the oath of allegiance in accordance with the conditions enjoined by Allah and His Messenger, and if ever I learn that any person among you has agreed to dethrone Yazeed, by giving the oath of allegiance (to somebody else) then there will be separation between him and me."
Reference: {Sahih al-Bukhaari, Book 92, Hadith 7111}
And It has also been reported on the authority of Nafi' that:
حَدَّثَنَا عُبَيْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ مُعَاذٍ الْعَنْبَرِيُّ، حَدَّثَنَا أَبِي، حَدَّثَنَا عَاصِمٌ، - وَهُوَ ابْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ زَيْدٍ - عَنْ زَيْدِ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ، عَنْ نَافِعٍ، قَالَ جَاءَ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ عُمَرَ إِلَى عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ مُطِيعٍ حِينَ كَانَ مِنْ أَمْرِ الْحَرَّةِ مَا كَانَ زَمَنَ يَزِيدَ بْنِ مُعَاوِيَةَ فَقَالَ اطْرَحُوا لأَبِي عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ وِسَادَةً فَقَالَ إِنِّي لَمْ آتِكَ لأَجْلِسَ أَتَيْتُكَ لأُحَدِّثَكَ حَدِيثًا سَمِعْتُ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم يَقُولُهُ سَمِعْتُ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم يَقُولُ " مَنْ خَلَعَ يَدًا مِنْ طَاعَةٍ لَقِيَ اللَّهَ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ لاَ حُجَّةَ لَهُ وَمَنْ مَاتَ وَلَيْسَ فِي عُنُقِهِ بَيْعَةٌ مَاتَ مِيتَةً جَاهِلِيَّةً "
Abdullah bin Umar paid a visit to Abdullah bin Muti' in the days (when atrocities were perpetrated on the People of Madinah) at Harra in the time of Yazid bin Mu'awiyah. Ibn Muti' said:
"Place a pillow for Abu 'Abd al-Rahman (family name of 'Abdullah bin 'Umar). But the latter said: 'I have not come to sit with you. I have come to you to tell you a tradition I heard from the Messenger of Allah. I heard him say: One who withdraws his band from obedience (to the Amir) will find no argument (in his defence) when he stands before Allah on the Day of Judgment, and one who dies without having bound himself by an oath of allegiance (to an Amir) will die the death of one belonging to the days of Jahillyyah.'"
Reference: {Sahih Muslim, Book 20, Hadith 4562}
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